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⡪⼸ΨһһʱŮ漴֣Լƽʱ
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ڼɣŮϲ˵᲻ˣһ벻ԣǵ
櫿ʲô˼ֻƲȻã
˻ѧУס˼ϰ˵

櫺ȻڸŮ˵ˣҵ˼Щ

Ů˵ͷȻûпȷǶţ
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ʮһĳ죬Ҫϰ÷Ԥȿܵ¥ݵľ俪أ
ɡԼˡѵ˷£һγɹжϡ

    иͶȡ֮һһͨԲιܵ
ͨ˵ϰʵϾö֮ͷѾԹܵڵĬȻ
죬ϰ߳Ȼ̶ܴڴ˲жܡ˵
ϰͷϾﵽһȫµľ磬κεı𴦣
УĶҲˡȻ϶
ɣ˫ΪСûģͳɾе˼ҵ
ϡ

    ˼һưˮߵľ粻ǡΡǡ
Ρ

    νΡ˵ζñ۾߻Ҫ죬
ġ⡰ΡеҪǣڵȫ
ȫɡ죬ڣһɲǣɲǣԽܵ
ڣò롱Ȼʵ١äĿ׷꣬
ʬ⡱ƮƮȻϣʱľܵӦտɢͲᴥ
ʱյסܰȻܵڳǶڵﲢȴ
ϣɲ衣ȻһǳɣҲǳ

   ˫޸߶ӣڵķǷʦǹ࣬ɡΡ
ģӦòϰ֣Ƿ߱˵ȹҾЦ



    9.


    ľ¥ݵġʱյס𱬣Լͱڻǹɨ󣬹
ġڶͻӡȫû

    һƽʱ¥Ŀˡ

    ԰ľ⣬ƻλΣȺ֮ͣһһ
ʦвʿʦǸеĸ֡

    ˵ʿһжרҵɱ֣͡ǰ
һʦ֮걻K-̸ǡ֯ޣ˸
ˡרҵʵK-ࡣھϻۣǿľѵ
ܿһȺĹ̿ͣδذ
ǡ˺ܶK-еӲͷˡӡӳ
ְλý̸ʶáǣʹȻɣΪһƤë
С飬ƢȻǡַˣáǡ
ȻҲ鲢ϧţȵûֻǽ֯ڵְ񣬽
ġšķ֧֮˼ġȥĵ
ɱ֡

    ҲƼٵĴԣ˵ǡʵ˲ʿK-ȥ
ʵʩһԶĻж

    ˵ҲǸʦҵӵܣǸһ˼ɵʦү

    ˵лȫʦܻᡱ»Ѿ˺ɫȼ
ûʲôʦٵΥǰ¥սΪʲôִҪ
أ

    ˵ĸ»һλ£൱ǰҲ
ĸʹǰȥðաһΪɷҲĸף
ǱҾ˫޴ɱҪȥ˽𣻶ǣ»
³˽´Э飬ΪӵĴ˴ðõһ顰ơǣ
ָһͷ޿֡

    ʿһЩ࣬ˡһʱ
ת壬ڰҹɫУСӰʩʩȻͨС԰Щ
֮صֲѾûͶԸ˵Ĵˡ

    Ŷţվſڣҡ£һȻ
ҫġͨۡĿĲ԰ײɫһ㣬Կ
һк޷Ӧ

    ȻνͬġԲģʿ̲סҲҪˣһˣ֣
ˣԲ׶οյڷɶ

    ǰ˵ˣȻ϶ΪһʿǾK-ģֻ
嶼СҲܱ£ܴӿײ
һ貽СĻƮȻһˡϰ
ѸٷֱK-ĳֶϲ㣬̰K-
ȫرաֻʣ壬ұһ
ġˡơK-ռ䣬ռ䡰աɹ
ˣԼͬĿռϲ㣬編
ƣƹK-任֪вͬʱ
K-ռһѿȱڣΥռ乹Ļɣֻ
ȡһԲʿ൱߶εĹ̶ȣȫرĳһ
ʱ䳤ҲֻάһӣͨԲ׶οռЩ
ϲ˵㹻ˣЩǳģǲġͻԱ
һֵĹرնֻܡײǽ) ʿ
һڿռӾһȻԵõء˸ߴһֱ˷ǳխĶ
ӽȰ˽촰ĵطռִܾ٣תʱ
ȻұߵԲ׶ǽϣ͸İ׷дһд֣ʿ
ɶֹҪˣǣ

    ǣ˽촰һԶﲻĸ߶ȡ

    ȴԭоԤΪơдߴģʿε
ֺεȽƣԲ׶οռһָǣֻΪʲô
䣬˼ûԤҲ׾˵صĸߴǣ
һƯΡص档Ц
֣Ȼ鴫Ī⣡

    ʿغͣ˰̣תߵǷͱڻǰãƺ
ʲôͻȻŻеһǹתͷľ٣һ
䡰пڡţǸٽӵźţ䣬ڻվֱӣ
ĿȫɢǣЩǹ
ľ˷׷׸λٶ˹º͵ﱤƬ֮󣬻ϾȻҲһ
¶ľˡƧսսۡϢֹˣٱͣˡ

    ʿ˺ߣ뿪棬Цǽعܵ¥ǰվͣټ
ټߵĿտӰĸо

    ڹܵǶƺͻľ¥ݽŶ˼ӣȻֻԥ
𲽣ҲʲôСȴѾڡ¥¥
ڴʹõģǡΡǾġΡƮ

    ʿվڶ¥¥ݳСƽ̨¥ȱ¶ǰ   

    ʮ׳׿ǷݵǽұǷĸǽǽװ
ڵƣڵ˸˸šȵмλãҲǾ벩ʿվСƽ̨
ʮײһȽصķţĴ󷿼䣬֪ʿҲµˣ
ǡҾ˫޵ңʱӦȥաٳȷźߵ
ȥĩˣӭĺһϽţϹرգ
͵˲ͨ˿Ͻţ˴ţſڵĵطһŲ
ԼһпƤӣ߿ǽ٣
źǶóһյ鷿ٿȥü鷿һ¥
ͨ¥Ķ¥䣬˶ûͨȥ¥ (¥) ˡ

    ˣӽеͣϾۿˣʿٲȡ

    ֱȺ󲿵鷿ȥûģκΡϰ
·мȷʱûвƿſߵͷΪ
˵ԡҾһأΪȥԴҵ徻
һּòΪΪʿΪ

    ߹ȣȻϽţ鷿

    źһ׳׿Щľߣ۵ذڷһ
屾ľװ顣İڷŸʽԭûʲôֵģֵǣʿ
ϵ鲢û㿴һۣ߹ȥ£
һ£ʲôطܴʲôķأţֱ
¥ݣȻϵ¥ҵҾССû˺С
УֻһЩһЩ͡ҾйصĻվűߣ
ţ˫ȴԲװ֡ۼľװ鱾ס
ˣĽŲͣȻ󣬲˼ģСׯ
廹ĸ߱ȥһ


    СʱԺ󣬸ٽͬҲϵ˶¥ȣ鷿
ſڣʿһڸ߱ƤĶִԲķ
ٶһȻɲͣס˽Ų

    ʿáΡܵ¥ϵ¥ʱȻڻ˯С

    ȴε˼ŵһĻϻǲĳ湻ˣ
ҡͷβػء¥ˡ

    ǲÿζͨ󷿵ͨһ¶Ѩŵң
¥ġأص¶ѨľɫСԴǲ
Ѻãǲ̽ͷ̽Խ¶ѨĶڣɫСֱ׵
βѾӭͷʹɨ˹ȥ

    ¥ڵشĸһƬ߲С꣬¥ĵػ
µһƽ̹ĵ£иʮƽ׵ȻѨҾ
֮ǰ̫̲ûᵽһ㡰 (Ҳ֪û͸¶
ҲһΪҪ˹˫޺ܸߵļǮܾ֪˫޿
вͨĵ̫ⷽǷǳƻ) ˫
ʱ󷿵ĵңʹ֮µĶѨͨѨĶ
ӵһ˵ĵˮҰïܣľһᲱ
ϷһбĴʯͷڱܺõڸˡһ׶ˮ
һֱͨСŪá´ʱС亣ƽ
ߵòע⡣

    ѨͨңͨһǲױĻŷ壬
嵹תȥţһ˳ǽ䣬ɴֱͬ
˸̴̴ͨʵǵ¥Ķ㣨¥ʱ
˯ŵҡ

    ͨĵ¶Ѩ󷿵ġȫ·Ҿڵ¶Ѩ
ηģͷ˩סǱŵжɫ
С磨K-磬ΪͨģһͷСסľ
K-硣       

    ɫк׵ȻѾҾѱѾãϻǲӻûս
ѵʱÿҪͨ¶Ѩ󷿣ɹ˫޴
ͷжϤƴϻǲͷˣͱǿ
׳ˣͲҪ飬Ը¶ѨͷǱ޻ʱʱûΪ
۸桱ģǺսɫУϻǲڽ
սǿ׺ػɫһ￰Ķ
ʶ˹˫Ҳֵһ۱һۣȥ֮΢ϵ

    عУɫеľβŴǲֱɨȴ⡣Ϊ
УҲ޷ֹ֮սʹ棬ҲƲס
棩˳Ȳѵ£ǴӲߵ¶Ѩģ
ͷ֮Ϊ͹ļһδйʽġӴͨξֻ
ǲһʱƯܿ˾βѸһ˳צӿ
׼ػǱճ쳣Ͳֵβһǡϣɫеβͽ
գĹԲԴȴڴͬʱιʪĵ棬Ŵľ޿Ѹֽ
˴ǲţϻãֻ氺ͷ­ԴӭԴž
˫ǵɫ鶢ŶԷɭɭŨҺˮʺ
ͷţȵɱͷ˽ŵľ޶ʱʹüʮ
ƽ׵ĵ¶ѨԵùСѵ̬ơ͵Ĵһ
սǸΡⱲӲ˵ûҲû»Ⱦ
кƾеĲ档ǵãϻ
ѵؿսԱߵġסȴȻΪ˯δѡ

    ǰǸʦүҲˡ¥Ķ¥

    ôͨľܵ¥ݵأҲᡰΡߡΡ
ᡣ

    ǣһĸ׽ľ˳򵯡ĸ׸
˳򵯡öըǰģⷽһ
רңʱùĲϣK-ϡвϣԼ޷룩һ
ö˳򵯡һöѾϽ˵õˣʣµö˽
صġ

    ˳򵯡һK-ը˼壬רK-籬ըȻ𱬰뾶
ǱըǿνK-ըָƻֻ漰K-ĵؽͿռ䣬
ըҲᲨ緶ΧȻΪ׵Ķӣȴ
ûм̳żѧҲûʵʼ˳򵯡Ǹʲôĸ׽
˳򵯡ʱʹ÷Ҳ֪ըԽСΧK-
ʱ˳򳹵ƻ͵ߵС˳򵯡ĸΪ˱ѩ
ޣҲһˣ֪ȥɷı˽öըɶ
ӡΥ桱ըͱȥһ⵽йظر
»׷

    ԭȶڡ¥ϵԽ˽󷿵ж
ЩɡҹɫŨˣ꣬ѻ˯ˡӸ£
š·ƹ⣬Ųʿ¥ʶʿǹСӽ¥ǰ
վĵطһۣ˶СɽͷϵðƺҲû
¥Ķҹɫ죬еͣ˵˼ڰ಻ס
СɽͷƵŪõײͨл԰ŶſţŲ
뵽Բο

    ڻϷչȻţվſڣӲתԴ
ܡڻ͹ܵ¥ݣ̧Բ׶οռͰ˽촰ҲӲ
عյЦݡ

    Ƶıˡ˳򵯡ĵһͷҪըǷڻ
Ϊһ֪ǷͷɱϸһƣǷĻ
ﾡйº͵ﱤȣȴûһľˣҲҲһܹ
սɨˡˣһǰĲʿķʱ
ᡱС߯ôðɣҲԲͶҲ
߷յĻ

    ŽŲܵ¥ݿڣϾ׵ģʶ
Σաԥ˿أʹذѡ˳򵯡ӽ˻ľ¥ݹܵ
Ȼ󼲲˵˴űߣȴը

    ԼеK-紫һ޴𶯣¥ƺҡ
һ£ɹܵڴԽܱڶļ˿ҫĵ⣬յչƵ
ƹҲҡҷ˼ӡֵһңըѾȶ
ܵ¥ݿڡ

    ۣƻЧˣ˳򵯡ľұը¥ݹܵ
ڵġʱյסһҵK-籬ƣľ¥ݹܵڵġʱ
յ״ݻ٣ܵһƬǼΪľصķӽ
K-ϱݻٵͬʱҲһ𱻴ݻˡ
Ҿľĵͷιܵľɴʮ꣬
꣬ھⳡըҲɲǼֹͣˡ

    һУٺٹЦЦţǰܳĻľ
¥ݹܵͺ¡һٻˡ

    ¥ƽ̨һȰԴ󡢱Եݡ״ȱڡ

    Žż⣬һʮƯṦԾ˶¥ƽ̨
СڰϼҾͿʼ˼ʮ书ʵʽ˵
ǷʦҲңͨ͵

    ٲȣڹŵġҾǰͣһ£ִ
ϣƺʲôȴʲôҲûվű
룬ҡҡͷɿּǰУ첽ȿŵϽȥ
   
    ¥Ĺ͵ſ۾

    ȻǼ˳򵯡ıըģҲϸо
αը𶯣ǹǾK-оˣըһ˲ཫ
Եĸ¥˯Ҳըըˡ

    ԼؽͷˬЩˣǿҸеҪȡЩʲ
ôж


    10.   


    վϽű߿Ųʿԣר־ԭϷ
鱾ͷһ㶡סŲϸơ

    ҲǳʦңиøǸͨԷ
ʡظͱǨ䡣ǰӹøŹһ˵˵һ
ּΪķ󡱣ܽ˻ͨõķ塣
󡱻ߡֻһźܹϵķ޶ͨžտ
򣬸˵Ӧˡ˻࣬˻ͨĿܼĳ
ĳֽԼлֽϵݶл󣬻ֽڣ԰Ρ
˻˻鲻Խȥ鱾MֽгЩ⡱
ζջϷһֱȥֻҪûеõȫȷĴ
Ͳֻ֪бõĻǰ
쳣ôлԶʵҲȻһǲûԽ
ԽǼѣҪ󲼻MԽҪǲԼҪ
ʵͨĲ⣬ҪֽһԤõĻ֤
Ķȱһɣô൱̵ơԣλø̾Լ
K-ͻ˺ܶ꣬Լʶûݼ˭Ļ
ס󡱣ܿѾʧˡ

    ڣõĲʿӵ鱾ľ׸
жϣ˴˵

    µûʿˡ󡱡Ϸʦ˫鷿ﲼõ
󾮲õķѭϵķԭȴ˱¡
ѧʦϷŵһľľװɵ¹ѧڼѧ
R.޵дĴѧ̡̳ߵѧHobere Mathematikѧ
һģл߷ǵðѽ̳ÿһϰ͵ľϰ⼯ȫ
ȷؽϣܽ糣뿪Եĸ߱ӣ
ͱˡڻУֻСΧڶ
K-ҲסֻӨM껹ܡȫٿת⡣˫
ΪйʦһңĲȫģΪá
ΪӦ֡ 

    ҲǻԵˣõеĹν֡

    ʿǡʿͷģͽǰ˾
Ϻѧѧϵ1963յġоѧ̣о
Ρȿ⡣Ż硢ɼͻ֮ǰйѧо
ƷйʿѧλǹʽʦѧϷΪʿ
ذѡõˣ˶ⶣоγ̽û꣬
ѧλûûõ1966޲׼Ļļ籩Ϳʼˡѧ
ҵжϣʦϣǳСȥΧŹĥ裬
һʵܲˣɱˡҲڼ̫Թ̫أʿͣ
K-þòȥųһ޴εĹࡣһ棬ͷ
޹Ⱥ̫࣬K-ĹΧҲǣ
֪ʶͺšԩڶ࣬ԹK-緢ĸʿ
Ƶķݡ¼˺̸ܶѧҵרĹ࣬
˸ħ֯Ĺкע⣬չбĴʱ
ݴءϵ˼㡪˼˵K-ħ
ֱȽ֪ʶ˲šλK-̸ǡһλԶ׿ʶ䣬
ʱһ֧Ҫ𶯶ӣרŸЭʵȥѧо
ȡ޸̵ġݡΪãջܴ󣬲ʿһԱ

    ˵ʿо޵½ڵġߵѧ̳̣˼¡
֮ô꣬еĶѧǻͻȻ粪ʹʱ
ɥʧһµĹɱӦеĸ߶Ⱦͻǣȫûʶ׷
鷿ſڵĽ̳Ǹ۲۵塣ҲҾá󾮡
ַ߳¶ۼйϵҲ˵û󾮵Ĺ˫޵ķҪȲ
ʿǿǿɡʿˣK-Ҳƺң
ָؽھȻǳɣѸ̳̣һҳҳȥɨĽ߰ÿС
ںĿһ·ȥѧѻķ˺ܶ꣬ʵĸѧ
ӻǷ˺ܴãǰоͽѧݣ̳ν
ߵѧ˵ʵֻеƫѶȣһȥֻ˰
Сʱһ㣬Ѿ˽̵̳ľĴ󲿷ϰ⣬ӽϰܼ
һֲֲ󼸵ƫ΢̵ַĿ

    Ȱ²ʿ

    վڶ¥鷿Ͻȱߣĥţʿˡ
ϼһġ󾮡ôһʱѲģܵԼ
óûϿж

    ˷¥һҪù˫޹ȥ̨֮ռҾ
ıˣ˽ĸ׽ԼԸ׿ûʲô
øкͻǣ˽С̣Ҿϳ
ѰҲȡһЩзǷֵ伮дӦϯĳ
һħٿȴᣬиӸλĹڽ̨ϸ̸ۣ˵
ıݡ¥ղŲٶһ޶ǿ͹ҵĶŷ
רҪǿɲˣǡK-һ޴סʱ
ⷬԾͰ˾ģгһնҪʵһԸչԼı

    繦ǲʿû˺ܴĹ˼ɣ̧ſ
Ͻż鷿վڳߡʿʿ
ڿʼȻؽֲ󼸵ƫ΢̵ַĿҲû
Ѿ϶鷿¥ݣûͨﶥ¥վڡ
¥鷿ٴ˼·ͼƻȽ˻Ϊã˽ˣ
ǲܵġǺͷһδ鷿Mȵķ
鷿¥ϾǶ¥ɣⷿô񣬱ˡۡ
ۡͼѰҺͷ¥ṹмѭκΡ©Աд
̽ϸ¥һ¡ҾıǷز˯˯ʲ
ôλУҪȷͷϻĲڡ

    ҵһ©ǷļK-Ĺɲ
ƴʱµķ϶һССK-ԲӲҴСذһ
ʩչ˼Ҵʮ߶νĵ߶ν֮סȻ
չK-壬һ̰㼫ϸߣ͸
©ԴӸ¥ĵذ촦İͬһK-Ǳת
һȦ¥顣¥ذķһ֮´ϲ¥ڣ
ϸ߷ڵذϵģǱģĸ׵ԩҵı
ңллأͷϻȷڸ¥ڡٺٺ٣ⳡӵ
١ĴΪֵã

    󲿷ʱȻ˯ţǰǳ˳򵯡ǿK-
ըһӾˣڵذһҡҡͷû
ôˣô˵״ںת뼴ǻûһ
׹ʲô£Ϳǰ¥ĵذ塰ͻȻðһ
K-塣

    һʱ䡱ϰֹ˫޴Сͷѵ䡪
K-ʲô˭ôģкιɣ
ȣԱ׼ĺ½սӾСֶӵķӦһӷ
ͬʱǱʱ̽мʹ˯ʱԾûֵġҶˢĵһ
Уǹҵ洫Ͷʯ·Сѧ˺Լ
ЩĽˡͶʯ򡱣Ϊ밡ΣͷҪġһ
ʱ䡱㻹ʲô·ӦʶŶ԰׬
ٵǸ

    ʵսԼǿĸĽһصʱ̾ʦүK-ϸ
Դ¥ذպתһȦϲԼǳ
ҶK-缤Ѿ׼ȷػġߡţ˵һ
߶νۼK-ʱȥһ롣Ҷʵ
һԭÿιȬϵĹ漣һΡ
K-ʣСK-ſ鷿壬ȵ
鷿󱸵ԴǿӦһʱȫڷ
֪ģŵġ

    һе֣ѸӶ¥¥ݳ鷿õĿǡΡ
Ҫʤ׷ս

    ¥һǣԵĸ߱϶һ
ӰӣԹķֱۣóǸ࣬K-
϶ΪһˣġһϣܵͰȴ̺
ʵں׵ĹܣһΪǿĹ࣡˿̣ƺھ۾
޵½ڡߵѧ̵̳ϰ⣬ϰˣٲȻ
һλиѧĽڣѽӽβȻȻƶĥ˼
Թĳֺ⣬ո¥ذ͵ƵҲ


    ֪ʦүҲǷӦ٣ܵһԤ¥ϵ˻¥
׷ɱæһ˳鷿Ͻţǹǽ깡
ʦүղˡҶĴʵ£Ҳǽƻȿһ
Ͳʿ֮ᷢЩʲô飬˵׼˳ƶΪ̵

11.ս

ʿʵŻ˴СʱͰ޵½ڵġߵѧ̳
ϰ⼯Щһѧϵѧ˵еѵƫ΢ַĿһ
˿ˡʿԼ׼ȷģҲƾ־͹Ǳʶ
･ʶĳԾԲԴȷʵ޼ƿʩ
ȴʶ֪һȷȫϰԾͻȻ
ǣ˿̵˽̳ϰʱȴ̾˿׾װ
̳Աߣԭ׼һдϴ𰸵İֽʿǵдϰ
ʹ𰸵İֽʱȴԽ  

˵ʵȻţûнѡԼԼеĶͷ
ʲôæ°ֽϰܼĵķֲᷭһҳƣģ
ƻϼһڵķֲķϣдһƫ΢̵ַĿ
ǶգһԼԼϣֵ˼ϣð
ֳĿƾ֡

񣬶ǵ⣬ȻǲǰӱŪ
κһ޵½ڵġߵѧϰ⼯вֹġʿǸ
ѧң֪һֽŷ˹͵ƫ΢ַ̣ͨҪ
̵ȫνؽ⡱Ȼֱ͸ؽ⡱ӦļȨϵ
ٽЩؽ⡱ǵϵۺγɷ̵ν
ȫ⡱ȫ⡱Ƿ̵ս𡣲ʿǲʿḻ֪ʶ
͸תĴϸѸҵ˷Ǹƫ΢̵ַؽ⡱
ϵŵñʰؽ⡱ϵװд˷
׵Ŀհ״ţУ廹ţ˵ղдġȫ⡱
ԡԼҪ꣬ļ˴𰸣úܻܿ©һؽ⡱
룬һԴ˶ˣΰʦҵȷ©һ
ġؽ⡱ؽ⡱ûϵˣԭȵġȫ⡱
Ҫϵġؽ⡱ٵȴӣ漣ûг
֣廹ǱţϵK-Ӱ١Щˣ
ƾѧǣǵġŷ˹ƫ΢ַʵ㲻⣬
ٴε˼ǣаٷ֮ʮŵžžŵİգдڷϵĴ
ȷġ

ĩǸӌİٷ֮һĶأ

û⣡

ڲʿҪڤ˼ĵ (ȫ֪ʼĿԺ
﷢ʲô£˳򵯡ıըҲֻǷǳ΢
һ) ôӶ¥ߵ鷿м䡣˲ʿû
鷿˻ࡣͣڲʿ룬һ
û׷鷿ȥѰ

ϵıͲһ֧ǦʣҲȻǸѧ
󾮡ǦһſհֽдЩʽ˵ƵʿǰȻ
ͬʿʿ·˹ĸȾһšȣͨˣ
ģͨˣģˣ

ԭǵƫ΢ַȷؽ⡱ؽ⡱Ҳȷ
ҪϵЩ𰸶ԡڣؽ⡱ϵۺ
Ϊȫ⡱ʱϸоһ»֣ᷢǵҪϵ
ؽ⡱ǰؽ⡱ڽǻìܵģҲ˵ѧ
ϲԽΪһͳһġȫ⡱һǵȷ
Ľ: ûνġȫ⡱ֱֻġؽ⡱ڷ
дµǸٷ֮ʮŵžžšȷĴ𰸣ǻ㣡

ʿͿĨǸȫ⡱Ĵ𰸡󾮡̾
ˣʿγѣĬĬչţǰˣ
㲻֪롣

ŶոǲǾңʿ̾һʡЩѧ
ϷУÿʳڵ˵ζһȴŵġ𡱡

ϵЦЦĸ׹˫˵ʲô˻
Ƶ鷿ġ޵¸ߵѧ̳ԾǷǸŽСʿ
ĶɱĪȻضԺκʱκǸ
ʿҪǧģҶ˽⣬ʹҺҲֻǴ
ƽ֡Ȼʮǰûܹˣۡʱе
һ仰ڶǰЩӰѡϰֶĻֻһ˼
϶ģԲʿо͵ɱ

ղΪҪȥԾأٸʮԼҲʿ
ֺ

ǵģҲʮҲ㡣
ϻǵؽӹͷ

ʿסˡǰˣո˳Ծ԰ʱ
ʩ뷨ɱţҪ˵쵱ġҾĶӣͨķʦ
֣׻˻뵽˸սڲʿǾ
ı֣͡ǡַܣ̸вҪʰʱ
ûиеһ䡱֡

ˣʿͻȻеդ

ʮǰոK-粻ȻΪʱļ䱻ϴˢ˴󲿷֣
ɸǿĹɱ֣ļһһεػˡ
ֵһ졣

ȫɱ·𶼱ļˡ

Թһ֣˵: һᣬô˵ǡҾĶˣ 
˵ŴŸ߱վˣ̫ѧˣһ
С徹ȻЩ΢ľҲǾеôˣ 

Ѻõػص: ǹ˫޵СӣҰְֻ̨ϼ
ˡ

ʿ˵: ҽһЩģûȤˡֻ
һֳ⣬Ϊְֻһ׸ѧ̳
ļˣ𣿡

м֮˵޻̸ֻ֮˵ԵɺϰաҰְ˵K-
״¥鷿Ͻŵģûмһ
ְҵɱŽСʿģǰǸڵѧţǽѧ
ĸ֣ҪĻһһλгɾ͵ѧңǾ
ˡҰְ˵Ǽ׾װ޵½ڸߵѧ̳һδ֮Ե
ʱ1980ɣͰϹĴˣˣ
ʵˡ

ԵӺ˵أ

֪˭͸ҰְֵģǸѧϵĸ߼ͻڣ
ҰְǶ

ʿʧɫ: ߽ڣǰҵоҵʦѵһλ
ʦû뵽

ʿܵ˸жǷʵĸжѧʵĸжɵ
˫׵С֣Ҳ˫֣˫סˣǰ
ӡ

žžž˹: ϲɺأϲɺذһת۾ͱ
Ժ͵ѡʦүŴϽűת˳ʿ͹
һֱʿǺǰ̤롰¥ģ
¥󾮡ס֪ں海ʲôǲ֪
á˳򵯡һƻԿͻȻ־еԾ
ˣ˾Ǹո͵¥áҶŵģ˱ʿҪ
߲Ƶöࡣ

: Ǽкιɣû£뿪

ʦүЦ: ֮һûˣӦ뿪
ġָָʿӲʿڳ£Բ׼а
ĹɱֵΣո͡ҾֵȺ˵
̯ôж԰֣òʿ뿪Ա͹С
еۿ̵ɶϿĿġ

ʿҲˬ죬С: ðɣȻ˲ӭڴˣҾ
ˣģǺڡ

Ҳ˵: ôãټ

ʿ˵: ȱæ˵ټӦһ¡  

˵ʲô£ܴ䡣

һ˺㲻λʦүʹСʿָ
ҶղŹѧļֽҶϡ

ʿһ۾֪һεϬķ

һײʿڡԺˬҲû
磬 ȴͷӦˡϵġҶ·ڴ

ʿ񳤱Թһơ

ʿȻת: ˣʦүӣҲһ¡ʿ
ҲʶȫһʩĿǣͬ͹
ˡ

Ըʹػشڷɿضͷ

ʿ˵: ҲóҴߡô󱣳
ƽ

һǣģһ£Ȼһŷ
̡һСӡʡʱʹõģ벻ʿȻ
ҪսɣʲôҪ󣿱ƽƨͷա

ǡǣСҴıⲩʿǽ̸Ƕһû
жһëģûȫ֪ǳ˵ҲҪСӴӦ
ʹǸνʮ塣뵽ʿ
ư̬϶ǫѷЦ: û⣬û⡣
ҸҵģǼҵġұˡôȱǶл
أһҪҡӻȡ̡ݸ˲ʿ

һ̡ͨ͸Բſˡ

ǲʿûǡ̡һۣˣҸ: 
ĿѾù๻۵ˣ١㡯κζˡȻ̤
鷿Ͻţ˳ȥ

12.   

ٽһ½ĺͲʿйصһξնʵĲ

ʿ鷿ѡ̡뻳УϣҲ
첽Խȣͣԭǹܵ¥ݳڣһ޴ȱ
ƽ̨ߣͨȱ¿֧չƻţƹ֮ǰˡʿ
ŵ¥˳򵯡ݻٵĹܵ¥ݲкԼһͿĿɴ۾
еҡҡͷǰҲ˵K-ընǴδۼը
ȴ۽硣

ңʿϸˣţӵ¥ֱݶ˽촰Բ׶
ռġK-֡Ҳǿޱȵġ˳򵯡ըò˵֧飬Ҳ
ĿȫǡٴϧҡҡͷΡ¥עһ


û˼һһȥˣһչᡱƮ䵽˿
һˮĥذϡ

ĵɢźܶ౬ըƬʿЩֲ
Ƿڻǰ˳򵯡ıըҲڻһЩ𻵣أ
ķϵȻЧʿڻֺһ䡰šһ
СһСӵľ˱½½ӹ¡ɳ͵ﱤ˳мԻ
Ĳʿָָ㣬ǸǹľҲˡľҪ¡ռ
λʿ׼뿪ͻȻˡһ죬һ
ţʿۿ죬ڻıԶֺ󷽾Ȼһڵ
иڱذɣಣۿڵɳ˻棬ֱʿ˫һ
£ס˷֮һԭһֻɫ

еʲôˡת׿Աһܣٵͷһƣɣ
վڡ㡱λáʿƽϣڻܻ
ķװãҪ밲Ȼ뿪ץסһΡ
塱ԵģֻһΡ

ûסʿǰǸѧУӵԱΡ
ûˣŻڡڵ£Ȼ̧ͷ⣬
ɺ㣬չһ׼Ͷһ
ĸ׻ߣˣǡûأ
ƾʧˡ

žžľھٵĴ£ҹƣ޲ʿľտ
Ҳ뿪¥  

Ӵûйٹ󷿡

˵ʿ߳ţͣס˽ŲĿȻĲ԰ɫ
仯ñҹɫϾ亮

԰￿ŶһһŮһͯڵˡһ
ȥֻһӤӤûг֣෴ҧԼָ
ʿЦ֪֮ǰһݶɱʽ󷿻԰
ľͬھ󣬵ڶݶӻûзʱڴͯڡŪ
õ·Ƕ򸾺ͳŵӤ

ʿϳˣͯжŵģҲǾСһĵƤ
ӤǺK-̸ĻĴħͷųơаܼҡС
ƳСŮ֮ǰŪЩħ֣Ͼ
ǳȻûһϳͯС

Сڲʿǰûαװˣһµͯ﷭һ
ƵƮ˲ʿǰ״վס˲䳤˼ߣӤ
ͯؿʣʿҪˣൢˣ

ʿûлشС⣬ֻǼ̵عգɱ˺Ǹӣ

СС۾гһ죬ͯˡСޡ㣬ڸ˭
˵أͯԵŮѸٷӦҪʲôʿˢ
ӻͳǰѡ̡׼Ӧս

̡ڲʿˣΧҹɫȫѹ
ȥŪõ׵վҲƺ۳һѱ۴

˼ӣСֶŮһֹľٶЦŲʿ˵
һɣңΪʲôҪ˺Ҿĺأǲһ
Сë𣿡

ʿȭôˣˢ̡ͷҲصˡ 
   
СԶȥıӰһ֪ôĶ

Сص̾һԸŮڻ԰Ըתˡ
¥š

ڻϵչšơ

СȳǸܿһۣ̾һʧ˵
ġţ´һֻӣᴵ죬ֻһֻӦ
£Ӧˡ

ǣǷڻľСӵ죬Ȼڻ
СֵغϣϣֻﲻĸӪģһ
СһСľ˴ӸܲվڻǰĲݵϣѸźöӣ
һŻ־񡣺СǰӲĽʯڡ

Сűڻľ˻֣ǣ
ȥľǾ־񣬽ֲˡ

Сֿ˿ܵ¥ݵĲкûб顣ʱ۾ע⵽
ոմϹֻ򡪡˿һǽǱߣǽǺ
ذӴ¶һֱһ׵ԲԱһķ壬
ڲס

С룬ҲԭǱǿ鷭ڸŻ߹رţ
֣ը¥ݵұըҲʹöڵڸﱻƵˣ
¶˳

ðһɱĺСеǿ׷Ų
ȥֱʱ¶ڵĵ³һҿµڡ
˼ʲôڲԶĵطվסˡġ

˵˳򵯡ұըֻһСȴ׾˵¶Ѩ
ͷճ˯K-סȻʹʱ˷
һҲǡ˳򵯡ıըѷ򼫴ƻ
˵Եʡ

һֻK-綯ȴ綯ӽƷǾ͵
ӡͬ͵˹Ӻӽĺйʦ
ϡе͹ӽĺƷֳ衱Ȼͨõĺ
һ͹ӽ£һ㼸ʮֻµĵĺ
һţ翴ǡһ̥ʵǵ
ﻹһK-ſüĻ̥ǾǼʮź군Ψһһ
ġСġ衱

κ޴ⷽǼ̳ĸŴԼͣ
ҲǼ̳ĸŴ߿֪ӡ֪ͣ
˹Ӻ͵ˮжʱԺ׶Ĵ
 (ģǲйʦϰ߶ġ衱) ƽ֡

衱K-һͻǣϲ֮س˯ߣ
K-¼ѣK-ش߽ԡ죬ױ
˳򵯡ըѺԵ÷ǳھɫжŲ
ΪK-оģȻƽʱɫк;ڿտĵ¶Ѩڻ
šల£ҶǱ˩ͬһصҲû
зִ (ǡҾϸѵǵĽҲǻϴ
硱)ǳڵУɫʼе㺦ͬѨһ
ľ׵ġ

˷׷겻ҪԵĶѨ
ءСӽ¶ĶʱҲպɵ¶Ѩͨ
˵ҵĶ£ƽʱ飬һӾҪڵ
ʱײǰĵڶСӣܹ۾գһǣһʮ
¸ɾ

ǣ˿ڵµףȴо˶洫K-ķǷ
ȻѹסҪһӴܳڵͷֻܽŵشӷ
״ıΪ״ʱ׼ӭս̬µ༤Ҿյؾ
ײﶴ⣬ϵ£صĶڣС˫Ԥ⵽
ĶƽѵһľС

СãĳõĶŹУվ΢ʼռһϷ硣

Се

Ǳ˵̫磬Сϸоĵ³أֶ
ŵǸǿֵĺ棬ֽβһǿĴС
ԭǾɫУȻףȴʮסķҲɢ
ˣˣˣҲȥ󷿵ĵң
׽Ŷ׷ţ׿ٴˣս֣׼
ʱͬûһͶһǰļս

Сͷδ޹֣⼤
ҲͲܷĶ־˼⣬ʲôֻ
⡰ҾϳڣӾ͸һģ˴ƽ֡

ң⻹ݴ͵Ļ

ʱС¥ʲôطһͳƺŶУ
̧ͷ֪һͷŴĴϻϻӸ£Ҳ
е档

ƲСЩ־ɢˣ⡣⵽ͷ
Ҿĵ̵ľ޵ļйΧַûбʤİգʹ
սҲûаա 

аܼСڱ˴ͷų쳣ǿͷޣ
йˣܲԸط붴ڡһ뷨ܳҲ
¥һˡǿЦһСڿƮذߣ
ǰƮ¥ŶһֱƮ⣬ûκ˺޴¥
׷棨䣩һڳŵأתһС
СӣСӣһ߳Ƕŵͯȥһƨ
ͯʹҾءξ͡ݡΪ
ģѾǡꡱˣȻƹ˫ΪСӡ

һŮ𲽣ͯɿ뿪ˡ
ͯŪ·ߵеϣֻܼҴ˻ڳ
ԹԹԳҹе·˶ӤȲ
ĿкǣӴӴӢսӴӴӢսѽ

Сˡ뵽ǰԲʿʱҲûйҳ֣е
Ǻգ

ҲӴûٹˡ¥

13.ˡ

ŻӣȻͬ죡ʿˣʦүվ
ǰ޾ɫĹ̾¶׹⣬³ɺһӿͷ

ܵͳڴġҶָ: ô
㣬˲ңҲˣңұطˣ

׻Ǹ۵ꡣ 

ٺЦŻش: ˣûպ㱳¼˷ѿ࣬Ҫϰ
СһŪȻҪȥ˫Ϸң׵Ѳ飬
˵вмֵĶ˵ǰһ󲽡

˻ӡҶ뷢ոմӦǸʿģ
ܶǰ޳֮ͽʹϵġҶԼӦЩͿ
ϷԡֻֽҶæӿڴæ
ҵģСĴӿһ: Ǳ洫ı
עһڵϣãѾˡ

ʦү֣ע۾ʱ

ͬʱϵ鱾ʦүֳֿȹ鱾ֻ
ֽһ·𱻸һ̵һ㣬Ѹٰ˻ȥ˳
ѡעС

ʱˣⱾעҲһҵ
Ϊ˷ֹⱾ飬ϲܷոһ鱾
⵽ϼܷİ㡣һ£ϸոܹҶͻȻ
ϮʣK-

˱۾ԭ˼

šע֪Ȼؿ˸ղšע
һδϣ֪Ѷˣ˻ռֱˡ

װݣһХԾǰֶ
עӵ˳ϡЦݿض԰һͷĹ
Ц: 㿴˲ˣ֪Ϊʲô㣬С
ҸոԷذϵK-ˮȫŵˣҼŶʮ߶ν
ĵھŽİǼǱҪ
ʱûK-總ˣκβˣ
һ书Ĵ˵ġݡԸ󲡲СУҸ
ͲҪʲôK-ˮʰ㣬õʮһˮл
ڣҾ򵥵ʹʹ㿨
ģģ𣿡Ȼѧšصսսȿվձ
ӵǻ˫ڹľ˸׺ݵĺΧơ

ˣеڷǳǳԵĵȴ÷ǳǳ
ϰһֱָȱ㡣ͷκһζ
ʹ̫ˣ֮޷ϸϸᣬ
Ǹʫġ򾲵ر۾

ʱʫˣȻͷ͸ţϰֵĿ
ﴫ˲ķ˹Ľֵĵһ£ϰһϲŵ
֣ѽķ˹ڱ˵ߣ˵δɵʹڵ
˵϶оˣΪҲʹһƺҲ
˭ϲβķ˹֣µķ˹ӦǴĸﴫġ
ʶش״ֱվת峯ʱͿһ
޴ءݵëͷ­ض

ϻȫɵۣڶܵͻȻˣˡ

ʦү˵ͷԴ֮ (Сڻϼ
Ϳʼ˼ʮĹ)ζԿһͷѵصĿҴ
ġģġ   

Ȼˣʲô﷭˴

ϻǲ˼Ҫɵ˵ķϵ¶Ѩȥι˾
ɫСϻƽճȥҳԵģҲʱʱӴسʣͷ
ùܣʳ˼̻𡱣պβ˳ˮ飿ֹô
һ룬ˡ

ˡҲһɾķ

ص˼άһֱװɵġĸ˲
ҽʦҽȴҲûкתȻҲûȥ׷˽ص


˵¥ʱǺҹʱˣŪ
͹ڰڵСŪáŪ·
Щĳվס̵꣬Ͱƽʱ
Ǿ绹K-˵ġ

ʱˣ¥ӵĳع顱ָ¥
ֹˣ׺ɫҲһǰһ󱾷ֵػص˵¶Ѩ¾Ժ˯ 

ȷһһеһжȥˣûΣˣ
ϻǲʹһ٣¿һϻһͷ۲
Ĵ䵽ȥ˲ҪؼңҲ㱻ɱ㿴ﱻ
Ļ˸췭ظС԰ˣȥЩͻݣȫ
ˣܵ¥ݻˣǸϻľϰֺòֱ
ˡҪؼǸ֪¶Ѩʱ
ΪҪŭѵҲ֣ͷ¿ͷ磡
ǿϰֵķϣ߿ķϣҷǵð߲ɣ 

ߵشӿͳҡҡҶϻв

14. 

ϻǲԸڹ˫޵ؽա죬
ģʳʡ콫βʱϻһȶˣе¶
ʹ֮Ĺϵǳšϻǲĳַʽ˴ʱ
ԭ֪кܶΪĳЩΪʲô¾ͶѼǺһӣ
ԥԼҪҪΪˡ 

ȵͽ󣬹һ£ϻǲ: ǻʦ
Ҫʱвķ˹ŵ֣
Ȼʹϰֵĳˣ 

̨ƳʲôѵģϻǲںеԻ
𡣹һⳤëߣţȥˣ

û취 

쳪ҲŵġϻǲشʹԾ
Сֽ: ͨ¶Ѩ̴ѵﶥ¥ٴӶ¥ֱӳ
ġرǿǸȡ֡

ˣô£ֿ˭أ

조¥﷢ĵڶ¼

ںѾ˶죬˫ط糾ͻصϺ߹
ְѾڼ̨ɽȥ

صĳ;棬˫غıˣ̬΢ˡ
ܹܵ˫Ҫ꣬òһ㶼ʵ䣬
·׾ӵòʵ䡰˫桱ˡ

¥һսܵƻΣ˫
Щˡֶ˵ûˡҡ硱޸
¥ˡ

˫ذһ⹫˫ױд齻˹̣ܶô
ֹյԼĶʮڣҲ˫ްڤǰ׼̽
ְֹ˫޵ĹڣҲԸַʽ죬ֻ˼Ҳȥ
һңԶĵطչˡУ

ʮ̨ϼԻǰ߹ְġ

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̫ˣҲһսеĹڱɻ֮СѧȺ鼤
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֡

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оǷΪʧȥ̫ڶʧشʱϣ޿κΣ
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    û뿪¹̫Զھµʿı߾С
ס¡ش˹ɽУҲһȼʤءڲ
ģƬҰɽŭţ·Դܿ죬ʿ
ŲŮǰϡһЩѧҲѶ½
ǵɽԽҰƺؾٰļѧ

    ֣Ӳ뻧Ҳ֡ʿ
ûиеΣաдԼɭһεϣյ
ߡɭȻʵǰ˹ɽĶǾܾʦֵ롣ʿ
һɭ˼ȫαȫ¹ѧŲȰʦ踺
أЧ

    ǵһʦԼѾʽɴ⵳־ԸΪ
ĳһԱ

    ڲ£ѦҲŷ˰߰ݷáֻǵʱû֪
ǵĵʵͼ



    ɴ֮ǰ1932꣬ӢţѧĽֵFrederick 
Lindmannڵ¹п졣ѾԤе¹̫˽ٵΣգ
ؿʼδѵ׼˵ӪȵͬʱֵҲ˽ĵͼ
ڵǸʸѧ20Ͳȫŷչִѧ
ԼҸڵĽҲѾĪҪµ˲š¹ƵĶ
һᡣ

    1930ţѧҲÿ밮˹̹ѧѧԺ
Ƹλʴʦǿ֡

    ֵעһڰִѧʦ˹ػòʿѧλ
Ϊμӹ1911ĵһά顣ƾĹϵڵ
㷺ɫʵѡĩƼ˸ոռӹ׵׶ء

    ׶ʱѾִѧѦ̵֣־Ҫѧ
شչ֣ûֵƸ롣ֵѦʱѦ
׶ִⲻܣԼȡ֮

    ֵһѦ̲̫ˣڰˮȫ
ԡӪȵĿ귶Χڡ

    ѧѦ̴Ρɴĵ¹Ҳڹʵ
ͷϡ˹̹ȥʧȥһλòײŵõѣ
ҰϷ۵ĺʱ⡣³ʿѧԺΪ˹ִ̹ʱѦ̽
Ժãٲ൱ѪĻĻ

    193341ǵ¹ȫ̵̫ӡѦһ
̫˿Ĵٻ˾ΪֳڶɴԱ
ͻڳһλоϳ˴ڣʱͳΧ
һٱĶˡ

    ѾѦ֮ء

    ׶ʵҲûԼѡءΪ̫ˣܿ챻ִѧͣ
òֵƸ롣ֵҲû˷ŹѦ㡣ع
㷺ＯʽΪѦһϯλ

    ѦȴһҪͬʱƸϼҰµѧ
Arthur MarchĵظֵоѾʼ
ġţĿйΪֲɡ



    ڸ籾Ҳеᵽʱֵı仯оȻ
ѧǲֻǳڿѧ̽ǣ˵
ԼǰཻӢȸȫĵطѰһᡣ

    ԼĵλѷͬСɡоļʿơƹ˾ʼ
ȥĸۡ׸ңɵѧԺѡڿѧѧ
ͻ׵ʹá1932Ϊһѡ

    ʿĻҲ¿ʼӪ̫ѧҵļƻܲ
뵽оĲֻǶʮˣҲ͢ĸ
ƽڡʱţȻȡǰӢȵء

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    󣬵˺˽ܵİ׷˹ڼʿۡǰ𡣵
пȻ˵磬ʵӦù鹦Ϊİ׷˹
ǵ˽Я

    ûϵ׷˹Ȼ棬ס˵嶯
ʾмһϲͨĵ˲֪룬ֻĿɿڴؿŰ׷
˹ȥıӰ

    ̶󣬰׷˹ڰķ˹صһһԺӳ֢
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ǹ漴ҲԼ

    ׷˹س18801£1930֪¡밮˹
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ͬʱŪйһȻʱڽͷöĴѰҹ
Ѿ̵̫İ׷˹ȴԸЭִؼԼûδ
ͨݡٴѧȡ˹̹ʧܺڽ
Ƹ˰׷˹ء

    ٣˷ֵĹŵ˹غױˣ˷Ǽ
ز۵Ҳ˵һѺõĹϵ¶
ΪλǸʿ£ĵڰ˹̹ȴʦ
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    ĵ¶˲֪׷˹븡ʿ¸Ϊһ
档¾еһʹвѧǳΪഺȴûͻ
ԱڸµԭУʿµɱǵĶ
ӡǸڸ籾İ汾гˡ΢ӡ굼ʦ
ɱ¹ķߡѰ˹̹ᵽ֮ȥľ
븡ʿ½Ȼͬһѡ



    ڵҲļ硣Ѧ̷󲻾ãҲ
ǰ֪̽ѦѾڰȥţѧҲûҪ
뿪µѦʮֳݣû̫˽

    ѦȴҲ汾ˣ»鲻õϣ£Hilde 
March۵ļѦСĸѾڵĮ
⻳УеѦ̵ķԶ̥ĵ뿪˰֡
ʱѦȥµѧʱ򸾣ؼҺߵӰ
ϣµò

    ڰ˹ɽʢģѦ̶Դϣг;
ڷʱϣѾСȻвҲֻýʵ
ϰɷԼҲֲ˼罺
మšһʱ䣬һʿʱĶʱ⡣

    ڴѩɽ֮ǰڵ˵ЭڽŴѧıһʱְλ
֪ʶ֮ءʱڽŶѧھɵΡ

    ߽ά193310ڲ³ٿʱѾû˰
׷˹أҲûа˹̹ŷշת󣬰˹̹Ѿת´½
ϣѧԺţѧѧУûԸԳѡ
ոճһߵоԺڰִ
ѧһֱŵһûнѧרͳһۡ
˹̹ʵ֮һֵЭ˵Ӫж

    ʱάϲа˹̹Ī΢Ц񹤵ļ
顣һ꣬¬ɪͲŮǵԾҵҵ̽ʵʵ
⣺

    Ѧ̳ϯάͷ˰ݴϣţѧ
ΪǨ飬Щʱٸ

    Ϊλ֪ѧҵļˣţѧٰʽĻӭᡣ
ʽξ׼ʱͻȻмߴ绰ϲλԶ
Ƹڸոٻŵ


ئѲŵ


    Ǹѧܵ1930Ѿ30ꡢ𽥱Ϊѧ
ŵѧȴ19311932ȱί
ԱԱʱȻûֵñõѡ

    ϴγ״ʱ1921ꡣʱίԱΪ˹̹ʸ
ִֻʱð佱ʸİ˹͹Ŷ˹϶˹̹
۲ŵ趨Ϊร׵ġֻ

    43İɭ1922ίԱʱΪеһѧҡ
ҲͬϿɡֻӦȷеʵʽʵ֤Ԥ⣬
ֻ۵ƶϡ

    ʩչǬŲƣ԰˹̹ڹЧӦзֶұ֤ʵĹ
ɽ⿪ᣬίԱ԰ѵΡɴˣ˹̹עĿ
۴δõŵĿ϶ĹЧӦͻۣȴΪ
ߵĻ辶ڰ˹̹ñӳٵ1921꽱ͬʱ˳糵Ӯ
1922Ϊ۵Ĵʼˣ˫ǣҲʧΪŵ
ļѻ

    󣬰˹͹Ŷ˹ȥɭΪίԱһ
ָȨ˹̹ͲľҲѳΪʷһѸ
ȡ

    1927꿪ʼ۵ĴѦ̡ɭ̻ǵĺ
Ҳ۱㷺ܶߡɭÿ꾤ҵҵ顢б
˵Ĺסָѧֻѧûܴʵġֻ
Ǽ꣬ѧͳ䷢ʵѧҡаֹ
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    1929ŵڱһۼҵ²⡣
ʵ֤Ϊʵ·֡1930꣬ػʵ
Chandrasekhara RamanΪڹɢе·ֳΪӡҲ
޵ĵһѧŵߡ

    Ѧ̺ͺɭǼһػöɭҲʼһؼ
ǵ۲㡰ָֻҲĩ
ľۣδɡ

    ǣ갮˹̹ɾȻȴ޷񽱵ϷѦ̺ͺɭ
ݡģ°ɭİɳ²֣ǿɭ糢Լ
ӹʱΪԭӺֲͬͬӣ
Ϊ⣨orthohydrogen롰⣨parahydrogen
壨spin isomersԤȻ֤ʵӦ밮˹̹ЧӦ
·֡ɭһ˵û飬٩˳ɾӦΪɭ
ѧ

    һΣڲִʮǰյ19311932
δܷŵȱĽһ겹һ
Ȼûкѡֻõعϡ1931ŵѧ
֮ǰֻ1916ʱΪһսȫȱ

    ĵľȻڶѧҼɥҲʮǰһʿˡ
˹̹׵Ҫɫ̼УͼʩѹŤ
ת档ȥֿѾΪ֪ڣҲز˵
ϣת1933س֡

    ꣬ҲһΪߣԶ纣ɭѦ
̡Ҳھ󡢲ѧϵ졣Ȼڰɭ
еĳֳ׸ı˰ɭΪˣѧ밮˹
̹ЧӦ²ʲͬʵ֤·֡ң˷ں
ۣȥ˰ɭһϰ

    1933ŵʱ䷽ʽĿ
ڰɭİ£ɭ򡰷ѧ֡칹
1932꽱1933ĽѦ̺͵ƽ֣ǡ֡ԭ
е·

    ɭܲ˼ľѧڲԼ֮
ѧһ١ѦΪ˷ƽ
޹ʱȺɭһأ΢ʡȫû뵽ԼС
һ罻鷳־֣һӦǸɴܾϵ¬ɪ
ֻǸע˲źܲԸ̤콱֮;

    ҲŵίԱĪۺ
11ǰ󶼳˽Ѳǰ䷢1922ʱ˹̹ڶУ
δ벣̨ͬ콱1933ףɭѦ̺͵ͬʱ˹¸
ĦĻվڶ

    ѦĽᷢӰͬȻĺɭ͵Ǹ
ĸ顣ɭĸ׸ȥáûרơ
ĸסĬԵĵ෴ǴûԶŵĸ׳ýǣ
Ĵ˷ܵΪṩֻҲϸµع۲λߵı֣
Ѧ֮Ծӣóͷãɭ飻ı
ƴŸעҲгʵһ̣ڰ佱ʽ
´ʱϵز𾭼áⲢʱƶȵıײ
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    10ǰ˹̹º䲹콱ݽͽʸ籾
Ψһһ̤㲣ԼӵĴӪΣҲһĻ˳
籾ףﲡⲣŰѦл˺⡣
ڲǺļʿۡɭ緢ϳΪظǵ׳
ٰࡣȴֻ͵͵ԼϢҹ󣬲ֻȥ
Ѿɢȥĺʱ⡣



    ٲŵİ˹̹193110ίԱѦ
ͺɭֱԱԼԥ˶ѧĹױ˴˶
ֶ൱

    ǸԶ֮ӦֻǷ˹̹ȴԶһ
ӦȵõνΪѦ̵Ĳ̸ǰ;Ǹ߼ֵĳɾ
صؼϽעֻһ֮һȷ۵ͻϺ
ɭȻѦ̣ӵȨ󣬰˹̹
ѽȷѦ̡

    ŷʱѴ1931Ľֹڣ1932
1933꣬˹ֻ̹Ѧ̣ɴûٰɭҲ
֮УǼɭѦ̣һֱɭλ˹
̹Ͳû˵ҲԤϵĽ֡

    ˹̹ϵҲֻѦ뺣ɭ֮ӡ
нѧĹӦû񽱵Եʱд֮
ɰռһ֡

    ѧı籾ͳս󣬰˹̹Ҳ޷
ѧѦ̵Ĳ̡ԭӷӹסԭӺ˥Ϊ
ӱ䡢ӵһϵʵȡõĻԻͳɾ͡ۼʹ
ҲӦûȷһ档

    ֻǣȻȷĳɷ֣Ȼ޷϶ѧѾǿѧ



    ɭѦ̺͵ڱŷ콱ʱ˹̹Ѿ


    19299£дǰҹݾӪٻ˾һ
Ӽˣҵ۸ŦԼд÷ٻ˾û
ú㽫ֵľ޶Ƹһְȫڹҵ
19305£500Ԫʼʽֵ֧ġߵоԺעһ
Ժ˹ɣAbraham FlexnerĲҪһѧ
԰һоԺѧǣûнѧμ
ĵĻ顣Ҳûκָꡢȣͬʫˡһ
׷ԼĿСûõ֪ʶ˹ɺԡ֪ʶ
The Usefulness of Useless KnowledgeΪⷢİԺԡ

    ջȻ԰˹̹1932ؾѧԺ
ţѧʢ飬ΪоԺĵڶλƸרҡ

    ˹ѯʰ˹̹нҪʱ˹̹Сÿ
ǧԪļ롣˹ĿɿڴɴƲλѧʦ˰
ɯ̸СǺܿЭ飬֧˹̹һǧԪнǵʱ
ҲȫѧҵߵΡΪԺ˹ԼнԪ

    ø˹ɸΪĿȴǰ˹̹һҪ󣺱ͬʱƸ
÷ҮWalther Mayer

    ÷ҮǸĵ˹̹ȫѦ֮ⲻھơ
1929÷Үһֱΰ˹̹֡ʹǰ˹̹밬ɯÿ
ѧʱ˽ſ˹Helen Dukas÷ҮԶذ
ԡ

    벣ͬ˽̸ĹвЧķ෴˹̹Ĵ
˼άԶԼ¶ŬԴʿ˺˹Ƹ
ִѧ֮һεĽڣҲûйԼѧִ˲ƣ
ЦӦùѧҵκصˣ
иûŵʱ˼֡

    ڽ50֮󣬰˹̹Ҳ޷ԼԸۡ
ͳһԽԽѧݡ÷ҮѧʿóΪ˹̹ɻ
ȱ֡Ӯһºţ˹̹ļ

    ˹ĿеĸߵоԺԱһָѧǣ÷Ү
ȻҪǳԸһʼһڰ˹̹
̵ļ£Ҳֻ˲ο÷ҮҲ̫ˣڵ¹ǰ;
Ī⡣

    ˹̹193310ϰʱǸߵоԺڡֻʱ
ͽ˹ٴѧѧϵ¥˼칫ңȺԼĴ¥
ʱҲֻʽԱа롤ŵÿ
˹ٴѧʰķ롤ŵѾ˸ڸ
͢浼ʦϣݺϯλյƸԥ꣬
ϣ̨Լ¶Ͷ´½

    ˹ȻȽ÷ҮȴҲֻǸһְλûа
ʽԱ˹̹Ų⣬÷Ү˸ʧ
ȫְҵ˱֮÷ҮԸרְΪ˴֡Ҳͳһ
ûȤһͷתԼĴѧо˹̹ǲò֡

    ˵òˡ˹ٲȱ

    һ칫ŵǸոջòʿѧλɭNathan Rosen
ʡѧԺʦӵڸ籾BKSķ粨һ˹أ
ͳһ۷˶ʿġ˹̹ܸȤоԺͬо
˷ܵɭܿΪоԺĲʿ

    ŷ޴ͳоԺÿ3㹩Ӧ㣬ô콻1934
һ죬ɭʱ˹̹ӹס
ǺѧУӵԭֻܹͬһ̬
ڸԶ̬ɭò˼顣֪˹̹ǰѾ
Ĺпԡ⡣ɭΪԭӵӹ첨
ʱҲֹͬһ

    ǵĽ̸Աһλ˵ע⡣ǱڼѧԺ밮
˹̹жĵĲ˹뿪ѧԺ󣬲˹
صϼңʵĵоӵ綯ѧ֮Ҳ
ڰ˹̹ƼߵоԺ졣

    ˹̹жͲ˹ƪûע⣬
˹Լȴӡ̡ʱڰ˹̹ĹϿף
ͬʱ෴ӳΪԭﴦͬһ̬뿪
ӺܳԶ䲨ǻܵϵš

    ˹ʶԭӵӺӵĺԭʵǿ
׵İ˹̹䡣ԭӻڻγͬһ̬ʱ
ǾͻԶϵһʱڿռϱ˴˷룬෴ķ
˶ǾǹһΪֱ۵ʵ֡˹̹
̽ǳ˼⡣˹̹΢Цס

    һ193554գŦԼʱ䲻طһƪΪ˹
̹ۡš

    ƪıⲿֱعȫݣ˹̹
λ߷֡ۡȻȷȴûС걸ǡ
ڸ걸۵Ŀܡһʵս֡





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